 |  | Fibre and Micro-Concrete Roofing Tiles - Production Process and Tile-Laying Techniques (ILO, 1992, 172 p.) |
 |  | (introduction...) |
| | FOREWORD |
| | ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
|  | CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION |
| | I. OBJECTIVE |
| | II. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TECHNOLOGY |
| | III. COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF MAJOR ROOFING MATERIALS |
| | III.1 Wood |
| | III.2 Bamboo |
| | III.3 Grass - Straw - Thatch - Reed - Papyrus |
| | III.4 Corrugated sheet |
| | III.5 Clay tiles |
| | III.6 Brick and stone: arches |
| | III.7 Fibre or micro-concrete |
| | IV. PRODUCTION SCALE |
| | V. CONTENTS OF TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM |
| | VI. TARGET AUDIENCE |
| | CHAPTER II RAW MATERIALS AND MORTAR |
| | (introduction...) |
| | I. SAND |
| | (introduction...) |
| | I.1 Granulometry |
| | I.2 Grain shape |
| | I.3 Clay content: sand equivalent |
| | I.4 Impurities |
| | II. AGGREGATE - GRAVEL |
| | II.1 Rationale |
| | II.2 Characteristics and selection |
| | III. CEMENT |
| | IV. FIBRE |
| | (introduction...) |
| | IV.1 Rationale |
| | IV.2 Modification of the physical properties of tiles due to fibre adjunction |
| | IV.3 Types of fibres |
| | IV.4 Sisal (figure 9) |
| | IV.5 Coir |
| | V. MORTAR |
| | (introduction...) |
| | V.1 Cement: sand/aggregate ratio |
| | V.2 Fibres |
| | V.3 Water |
| | V.4 Summary of ratios and quantities of raw materials |
| | VI. ADDITIVES |
| | (introduction...) |
| | VI.1 Setting accelerators |
| | VI.2 Setting retarders |
| | VI.3 Waterproofing agents |
| | VI.4 Pigments (colouring agents) |
| | VI.5 Fluidifiers |
| | VII. IMPROVING PERFORMANCE |
| | (introduction...) |
| | VII.1 Carbonation of the cement |
| | VII.2 Furnace slag and pozzolana |
| | VII.3 Vegetable ash |
| | CHAPTER III EQUIPMENT |
| | (introduction...) |
| | I. ELECTRIC VIBRATING TABLE (figures 18 and 19) |
| | II. HAND-POWERED VIBRATING TABLE (figure 20) |
| | III. SCREEDING FRAMES |
| | (introduction...) |
| | III.1 Screeding frame for flat tiles or pantiles (figure 21) |
| | III.2 Roman tile frame |
| | III.3 Ridge tile screeding frame |
| | III.4 Second nib tool |
| | IV. INTERFACE |
| | V. MOULDS |
| | (introduction...) |
| | V.1 Pantile mould |
| | V.2 Ridge tile moulds (figure 24) |
| | V.3 Ridge tile demoulding jig (figure 26) |
| | V.4 Bar mould for first row tiles (figure 27) |
| | VI. QUALITY CONTROL JIG (figure 28) |
| | VII. BATCHING BOXES AND SCOOPS FOR RAW MATERIALS |
| | (introduction...) |
| | VII.1 Standard ratios: good quality raw materials |
| | VII.2 Non-standard ratios: poor quality raw materials |
| | VIII. MORTAR SCOOPS |
| | IX. CURING TANKS |
| | X. HAND TOOLS |
| | X.1 Sieves and screens |
| | X.2 Trowel (or float) |
| | XI. OTHER MOULDS |
| | XII. PLANT EQUIPMENT/PRODUCTION RATIO |
| | CHAPTER IV PRODUCTION PROCESS |
| | (introduction...) |
| | I. INTRODUCTION |
| | I.1 Influence of climate |
| | I.2 Calculating quantities by weight and volume |
| | II. STEP-BY-STEP MANUFACTURING PROCESS - PANTILES |
| | II.1 Stocking of raw materials |
| | II.2 Preparation of raw materials |
| | II.3 Mixes and ratios |
| | II.4 Moulding |
| | II.5 Setting of the mortar |
| | II.6 Demoulding |
| | II.7 Curing |
| | II.8 Storage |
| | III. RIDGE TILE AND HIP TILE |
| | (introduction...) |
| | III.1 Ridge tiles jointed on the roof |
| | III.2 Ridge tiles with overlap |
| | III.3 Joint between ridge tile and hip tile |
| | IV. FIRST ROW OF TILES |
| | V. VALLEY TILES |
| | CHAPTER V QUALITY CONTROL |
| | I. STANDARDS |
| | I.1 Rationale |
| | I.2. Example of standard specifications |
| | II. RAW MATERIALS |
| | III. FINISHED PRODUCTS |
| | III.1 Shape and dimension |
| | III.2 Tile strength |
| | III.3 Porosity test |
| | IV. PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS1 |
| | CHAPTER VI ORGANIZATION OF PRODUCTION |
| | I. PREREQUISITES |
| | II. INFRASTRUCTURE |
| | III. TRAINING |
| | IV. MANPOWER |
| | V. ORGANIZATION OF PRODUCTION |
| | V.1 General |
| | V.2 Production chart |
| | V.3 Typical production layouts |
| | CHAPTER VII ROOF STRUCTURE |
| | (introduction...) |
| | I. BASIC PRINCIPLES |
| | II. ROOF DESIGN |
| | III. WIND LOAD |
| | IV. ROOF PITCH |
| | V. TIMBER SECTIONS |
| | VI. A COMPARISON OF ROOF STRUCTURES FOR CORRUGATED IRON AND FIBRE OR MICRO-CONCRETE CLADDING |
| | VI.1 The problem |
| | VI.2 Economics of concrete cladding |
| | VI.3 Conclusion |
| | VII. ROOF DESIGN AND TIMBER CONSUMPTION |
| | (introduction...) |
| | VII.1 Lean-to design (figure 85) |
| | VII.2 Costing of galvanized iron sheet roof (figure 86) |
| | VII.3 Costing of short-span fibre or micro-concrete roof (type I) (figure 87) |
| | VII.4 Roofing material for fibre or micro-concrete roof (large span) (type II) (figure 88) |
| | VIII. COMPARATIVE COSTING OF CORRUGATED IRON AND FIBRE OR MICRO-CONCRETE ROOF COVERINGS |
| | CHAPTER VIII LAYING THE TILES |
| | (introduction...) |
| | I. WATERTIGHTKESS |
| | I.1 Edges |
| | I.2 Wall-plates |
| | I.3 Waterproof polythene sheet |
| | II. LAYING THE BATTENS (OR LATHS) |
| | III. CALCULATION OF RAW MATERIALS CONSUMPTION |
| | (introduction...) |
| | III.1 Estimate |
| | III.2 Example of calculation |
| | IV. LAYING THE TILES |
| | V. FIXING THE TILES TO THE BATTENS |
| | V.1 Pantiles |
| | V.2 Double nib tiles |
| | V.3 Fixing ridge tiles |
| | CHAPTER IX FEASIBILITY STUDY |
| | (introduction...) |
| | I. PRELIMINARY STUDY |
| | II. VARIATIONS IN PRODUCTION COSTS |
| | III. METHODOLOGY FOR THE ESTIMATION OF PRODUCTION COSTS |
| | IV. APPLICATION OF THE CONSTANT METHODOLOGY |
| | (introduction...) |
| | IV.1 DETERMINATION OF THE OUTPUT AND INPUTS |
| | IV.2 ESTIMATION OF UNIT PRODUCTION COST |
| | IV.3 COST COMPARISONS FOR DIFFERENT MATERIALS |
| | CHAPTER X SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS |
| | (introduction...) |
| | I. DECENTRALISATION OF INDUSTRY |
| | II. USE OF LOCALLY AVAILABLE MATERIALS |
| | III. PROMOTION OF EMPLOYMENT |
| | IV. INVESTMENTS - FOREIGN EXCHANGE SAVINGS |
| | V. TILE PRODUCTION COSTS AND HOUSING CONSTRUCTION COSTS |
| | VI. CONCLUSIONS |
| | ANNEXES |
| | ANNEX I GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS |
| | ANNEX II AGENCIES TO BE CONTACTED FOR INFORMATION ON FIBRE CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY |
| | ANNEX III BIBLIOGRAPHY |
| | QUESTIONNAIRE |
| | Other ILO publications |
| | Back Cover |
